Petroleum building and roofing bitumens (GOST) is a resinous mineral-organic substance, which contains hydrocarbon elements, as well as nitrogen oxygen and metal-containing compounds. There are several types of bitumen that are present in the natural environment (in liquid form in oil, in solid form in tar and asphalt). Bitumen can dissolve in organic substances such as benzene or carbon disulfide. Water has no effect on him and only causes a repulsive reaction.
Bitumen-based materials are widely used in construction
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Processing of bituminous raw materials
Bitumen is extracted by borehole, mine or quarry. Petroleum products in solid, liquid or viscous state are widely used in construction. Petroleum bitumens are produced - construction, roofing, road, waterproofing. Also resinous substances are used in the chemical and paint production.
Roofing material using bitumen
Useful advice! The main indicators by which the scope of application of bitumen in the solid state is determined are the criteria of viscosity, plasticity, amorphousness and fragility. For liquid substances - viscosity and fraction of volatile oils.
The main type of raw material from which bitumens for oil construction and roofing are produced is oil. After fractional distillation and separation of light substances from its composition, such as gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, lubricants, as well as other associated derivatives of petroleum products, the base of bituminous material is obtained from heavy residues. The amount of the product depends on the qualitative composition of the oil, which has different consistencies. The modern method of producing bitumen is based on atmospheric separation and vacuum distillation, followed by oxidation or mixing of solid residues.
The oxidation process consists in purging the oil residues until a product of a certain viscosity is obtained. Oxygen, interacting with tar, promotes the oxidation reaction of bitumen and the formation of high-molecular components in it. This technology allows you to get a quality product. Oil roofing bitumen is produced from it, the GOST of which is specially developed for this material.
Hard bitumen is used in the production of asphalt
The second manufacturing method, which is carried out after distillation, is mixing. After that, compounded materials are obtained at the exit. The essence of this process is that the tar substance is treated with propane in liquid form and mixed with oil distillates.
Properties and indicators of bitumen
Plasticity index depends on the content of oily substances, the duration of exposure to mechanical stress and temperature. In petroleum roofing bitumen, GOST in terms of plasticity is determined by the ability of the material to stretch into a thin thread on a device called a ductilometer. The test is carried out at zero temperature and 25 ° C temperature. The length of the thread at the time of breaking is an indicator of the plasticity of the bitumen.
Viscosity of the substance reflects the structural and mechanical basis of the material. This characteristic is a reflection of the compositional composition and reaction to a certain temperature. At low temperatures, the viscosity index increases, and at high temperatures, it decreases. For oil roofing bitumens, GOST test method for solid and viscous substances, check with a needle.
The process of installing a bituminous coating on the roof
Its penetration deep into the material at a certain load, temperature and immersion time is recorded with a pentameter. The lower the penetration depth, the higher this indicator. The viscosity level of liquid materials is determined using a viscometer, when the analyte flows through the opening of the instrument for a certain period of time.
Softening point is determined on the device "ball and ring". The principle of the study is that a bitumen sample is placed on a brass round hole of a certain diameter and gradually heats up under uniform pressure of a metal ball until it touches the lower bar of the device. The standard softening point is between 20 and 95 ° C.
An additional characteristic of the heat resistance of bituminous material is the brittleness temperature. This indicator is determined by the moment the first crack appears on the material during the simultaneous bending and cooling of the test material.
Rolled bitumen can be used for waterproofing wooden floors
Flash point... When bitumen is heated, vapors are formed, which ignite on contact with an open fire. In the course of research on a special device, the moment of ignition of vapors characterizes the degree of its fire hazard. Typical warm-up to ignition for solids or viscous substances is below 200 ° C.
Many technologies and devices have been developed to determine the adhesive properties. The most accessible is the visual method. No complicated fixtures are required for testing.
Useful advice! An important feature bituminous materials is their property to adhere to any surface of mineral or organic origin.
Bitumen is glued to the surface of the gravel, after which it is boiled in water. If, after the end of the experiment, the film remains in the same position, the indicator is evaluated by the highest mark on a five-point scale. An unsatisfactory assessment of adhesiveness is given if the film does not adhere to the object at all during the boiling process.
The device of a modern road surface is not complete without bitumen
Petroleum bitumens for construction, roofing (GOST)
Obtaining the results of studies on viscosity, plasticity, softening temperature allows you to determine the brands of products, which, according to GOSTs, are characterized as follows.
Related article:
Roofing materials for the roof: types and prices of modern coatings. Varieties of coatings. Comparative characteristics, disadvantages and advantages. Classification of materials for the construction of roofs.
Petroleum bitumens for construction
GOST are divided into three types, which are designated BN. The abbreviation "BN" means "petroleum bitumen". After it, numbers follow - this is the softening temperature and the average value of the limits of needle penetration.
| Indicator name | Norm for the brand | Test Method | ||
| BN 50/50 | BN 70/30 | BN 90/10 | ||
| OKP 02 5624 | OKP 02 5623 | OKP 02 5622 | ||
| Depth of needle penetration at 25 ° C, 0.1 mm | 41-60 | 21-40 | 5-20 | According to GOST 11501-78 |
| Softening temperature on the ring and ball, ° С | 50-60 | 70-80 | 90-105 | According to GOST 11506-73 |
| Elongation at 25 ° С, not less | 40 | 3,0 | 1,0 | According to GOST 11505-75 |
| Solubility,%, not less | 99,5 | According to GOST 20739-75 | ||
| Weight change after heating,%; no more | 0,5 | According to GOST 18180-72 | ||
| Flash point, ° С, not lower | 230 | 240 | According to GOST 4333-87 | |
| Mass fraction of water | Footprints | According to GOST 2477-65 | ||
Oil roofing bitumen
GOST are being developed in BNK modifications. BNK is an oil roofing bitumen. Softening and viscosity values are determined and assigned in a similar way.
| Indicator name | Norm for the brand | Test Method | ||
| BNK 40/180 | BNK 45/190 | BNK 90/30 | ||
| Depth of needle penetration, 0.1 mm at 25 ° C | 160-210 | 160-220 | 25-35 | GOST 11501 |
| Softening point, ring and ball, ° С | 37-44 | 40-50 | 80-95 | GOST 11506 |
| Brittleness temperature, ° С, not higher | — | -10 | GOST 11507 | |
| Solubility in toluene or chloroform,%, not less | 99,5 | GOST 20739 | ||
| Weight change after heating,%, no more | 0,8 | 80,0 | 0,5 | GOST 18180 |
| Depth of needle penetration in the residue after heating,% of the initial value, not less | 60 | 70 | GOST 11501 | |
| Flash point, ° С, not lower | 240 | GOST 4333 | ||
| Mass fraction of water,%, no more | Footprints | GOST 2477 | ||
| Mass fraction of paraffin,%, no more | — | 5,0 | — | GOST 17789 |
| Penetration index | from 1.0 to 2.5 | — | GOST 954 | |
In addition to substances of solid and viscous consistency, there are bituminous materials that are in a liquid state. At normal room temperature, they have a negligible viscosity index. For construction purposes, they are used in a cooled or relatively heated state.
Use of bitumen
As a material for construction, bitumen is endowed with excellent adhesive and water-repellent properties. Its use allows you to create reliable durable roofing, communications, waterproofing foundations and other types of structures. In order to correctly determine the purpose of a particular type of bitumen, it is important to familiarize yourself with its quality and constituent characteristics. Numerical indicators allow you to correctly select and use bitumen for its intended purpose, because bitumen can be construction, road or for roofs.
In addition, bitumen can be used for other purposes. On its basis, super-strong sealants are produced, which are used for sealing seams on airfield fields and runways. Industrial and civil construction is not complete without bitumen, since mastics, which contain polymer-bitumen ingredients, are used for finishing insulation works.
Bituminous flat roof waterproofing
This material is best suited for strengthening and waterproofing openings in structures. Rubber-bitumen materials are used to cover roll-free mastic roofs. Petroleum bitumen is indispensable for most types of roofing work.
Useful advice! It is important to note, that the durability of the bituminous coating depends on the correct use of the material. Its brand and GOST must correspond to the purposes of use in each specific case.
For example, road bitumen cannot fully replace roofing or construction bitumen, or vice versa. Users should always pay attention to this, despite the fact that visually bitumen of different grades is almost identical.
Petroleum bitumens for construction, roofing (GOST) have practically no shelf life, so they can last a very long time, providing reliable protection and sealing to building structures. Also, bituminous surfaces can be simply, easily and inexpensively updated and repaired.
Building bitumen (video)
